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Non-judicious use of irrigation water irrespective of its quality leads to soil salinization and sodification. Continuous acc**ulation of salts in root zone results into soil salinization. These salts may come from irrigation water, mineral dissolution, precipitation, capillary rise or all of these. The process of sodification initiates with replacement of exchangeable calcium by sodium. Irrigated soils exhibit differential physico-chemical behaviour at temporal scale. Physical properties of irrigated soils limit its productivity. Irrigated soils if not managed properly deteriorate in hydraulic properties e.g. infiltration rate, saturated hydraulic conductivity, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, soil-water diffusivity, soil-water retention etc. The exchange phase-solution phase behaviour of these soils is highly sensitive to water management inputs.
Flocculation, deflocculation, dispersion, swelling, ESR-SAR relationships are the major processes responsible to bring changes in hydro-physical behaviour of soils due to irrigation induced salinization or sodification. When irrigation is practiced water remains in equilibrium with soil and slowly infiltrates downward. The composition of the soil solution is decided by mineralogy, water quality and exchange phase-solution phase behaviour of the soils. Besides several parameters of the soil solution at equilibrium, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and total electrolyte concentration are the major attributes which decides the hydro physical behaviour of irrigated soils. SAR is a relation between soluble sodium and soluble divalent cations, which can be used to predict the exchangeable sodium fraction of soil equilibrated with a given solution.
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