My city Karnal lies in Seismic Zone

My city Karnal lies in Seismic Zone.

The Final Development Plan was published for Karnal Town on 17th Jan., 1978 for a population of 2 lacs upto the year 2001 A.D. now this has been revised for a population of five lacs the year 2021 A.D. In this Development Plan, planning proposal have been shown in an area of about 5900 hectares. The area is divided in 44 sectors giving residential commercial, industrial, communication and other proposals. The Revised Final Development area has been published on 13th August 2002.

The seismic survey is one form of geophysical survey that aims at measuring the earth’s (geo-) properties by means of physical (-physics) principles such as magnetic,
electric, gravitational, thermal, and elastic theories. It is based on the theory of elasticity and therefore tries to deduce elastic properties of materials by measuring their
response to elastic disturbances called seismic (or elastic) waves.

Fig. 1. Schematic of overall field setup for a seismic survey.

Seismic Waves:
A seismic source-such as sledgehammer-is used to generate seismic waves, sensed
by receivers deployed along a preset geometry (called receiver array), and then recorded
by a digital device called seismograph (Fig. 1). Based on a typical propagation
mechanism used in a seismic survey, seismic waves are grouped primarily into direct,
reflected, refracted, and surface waves (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Major types of seismic waves based on propagation characteristics.

There are three major types of seismic surveys: refraction, reflection, and surface-wave,
depending on the specific type of waves being utilized. Each type of seismic survey
utilizes a specific type of wave (for example, reflected waves for reflection survey) and its
specific arrival pattern on a multichannel record (Fig. 3). Seismic waves for the survey
can be generated in two ways: actively or passively. They can be generated actively by
using an impact source like a sledgehammer or passively by natural (for example, tidal
motion and thunder) and cultural (for example, traffic) activities. Most of the seismic
surveys historically implemented have been the active type. Seismic waves propagating
within the vertical plane holding both source and receivers are also called inline waves,
whereas those coming off the plane are called offline waves (Fig. 4).

Fig. 3. (Above) A field record and interpretation of different seismic events based on the arrival pattern.

Fig. 4. (Above) Illustration of active versus passive waves and inline versus offline waves.